Rebar
Why not use regular steel rebar?
The biggest factor with rebar is avoiding corrosion. A particular concern is rebar that spans a cold joint in the concrete. There will be a cold joint between the footing slab and the bottom of the ICF wall and in the wall between stories. Cold joints let in water as fresh concrete does not stick to hardened concrete. Latex bonding agent can be used between pours and is worth doing, but even so it is worth assuming that water can get in the joint.
When steel rebar rusts it expands and this splits open the concrete letting yet more water in that causes even more rusting. This fairly common concrete failure mode is called spalling. Using steel rebar is not compatible with a house designed to last 500 years.
Other possibilities
Galvanizing
If using steel rebar then certainly I believe it should be galvanized to stop it rusting. It is best to have it galvanized after you have cut it and bent it. Galvanizing companies exist in most areas so you should find a local one. They seem to charge by weight (even though it would seem more logical to charge by surface area). Overall, galvanizing is an expensive choice.
Fiberglass rebar
Fiberglass rebar is a much better choice that steel rebar. It is available from two American manufacturers, but they charge three times the price of steel rebar. A better bet is to buy it from one of the many manufacturers in China. Even with shipping, it is only about the same price as regular steel rebar.
There is some question about whether fiberglass rebar is stable in the alkaline environment of concrete. A Canadian study on bridges had some doubts. The Rock Rebar guys say: "Rock rebar does not need a special coating to resist the high ph from exposure to concrete like fiberglass rod requires".
Vinyl ester resin is used to bind all the glass fibers together. Vinyl ester resin also provides protection from alkalines.
Typical fiberglass rebar of 12mm diameter has this spec:
Weight: 0.22±0.05kg/m
Tensile strength: ≥500MPa
Shear strength: ≥100MPa
E-modulus: 35-45GPa
Elongation: 1.5%~2.5%
Basalt Rebar
My conclusion is that basalt rebar (sometimes called rock rebar) is the best choice for all the reasons described below.
Basalt Rebar
Basalt rebar was specifically developed for harsh environments such as sea walls and road bridges. It is made from volcanic rock called basalt. Magma in the earth's core is basalt. It does not corrode. Basalt has the following chemical composition...
Basalt rebar is manufactured from continuous basalt filaments and epoxy polymers. Adhesion to the concrete is primarily done using a sand surface but there is also a wound spiral "thread". Basalt filaments are made by melting crushed volcanic basalt rock of a specific mineral mixture to 1,700 degrees Celsius for 6 hours. The white hot material is drawn through special platinum bushings and then cooled into fibers. The fibers cool into hexagonal chains resulting in a resilient structure substantially stronger than steel or fiberglass. Basalt rebar consists of 80% fibers and 20% resin. Basalt is non-toxic and inert. The production process creates no environmental waste and it is non-toxic in use or recycling. It does not loose strength in a house fire situation (it can stand 600 degrees C quite happily). It is also naturally resistant to UV exposure.
The tensile strength of continuous basalt fibers is about twice that of E-glass fibers and the modulus of elasticity is about 15-30% higher. Basalt fibers in an amorphous state exhibit higher chemical stability than glass fibers. When exposed to water at 70 degrees C (158" F), basalt fibers maintain their strength for 1200 hours, whereas the glass fibers do so only for 200 hours.
Basalt rebar is about 2.5 times stronger (tensile strength) than series 60 steel rebar of the same diameter. The thermal expansion coefficient is very close to that of concrete (whereas steel is very different). Basalt rebar is about a third of the weight of steel and given that it is 2.5 times stronger than steel, then its strength to weight ratio is 7.5 times better.
Basically rebar is strong in tension and has very little stretch. It has a very low modulus of elasticity compared with steel. If subjected to beyond the spec limits then it will break rather than stretch. The rebar placement design needs to allow for this. The structural engineering needs to consider "tensile modulus". In a properly structurally engineered design, the rebar will not be subjected to anything like the force needed to break it.
Basalt rebar cannot be bent on site. You need to use separate corner pieces and attach them with a 20x diameter overlap to the straight pieces. Where stirrups are needed they need to be manufactured in the factory.
Basalt rebar is currently being tested at various universities and approval by the American Concrete Institute is expected within 18 months. The plan is for it to be covered under ACI 440-10.
Various studies are available at:
https://provenperformancechemical.com/pdf/University_of_Akron_Oh_Basalt_Testing.pdf
http://www.basaltex.com/files/cms1/Basalt-Fibres-as-reinforcement-for-composites_Ugent.pdf
http://www.newrebar.com/
http://www.newrebar.com/articles
http://www.newrebar.com/technical_information
http://www.usbasalt.com/composite-rebar.html
http://fiberglassrebar.us/basalt-rebar/
http://www.build-on-prince.com/fiber-reinforced-polymers.html#sthash.DKBwdeDj.dpbs
http://www.provenperformancechemical.com/pdf/Basalt_Study.pdf
http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/composites-and-concrete
To be allowed by your local building inspector department to use basalt rebar it is likely to be necessary to reference the various ACI codes that apply. Here is the statement that applies to Basalt rebar...
Basalt FRP rebar is used as per ACI 440.1R-06. The construction use is dictated by code 440.6-08. It is specified by 440.5-08 and tested according to ASTM D7205 and several other test methods. ASTM testing of Basalt FRP rebar shows that Basalt FRP rebar easily meets the performance requirements of ACI 440.6-08.
Also applicable to Basalt rebar is ACI 440R-07
“Report on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete
Structures”. The use of Basalt rebar came along after ACI 440.6-08 was
published so the Basalt version of FRP was not specifically called out
in that document. However, ACI 440R-07 (a later document) does
specifically call out Basalt rebar as an FRP rebar. It says "Fibers
commonly used to make FRP bars are glass, carbon, and aramid. Recently,
continuous Basalt fibers have become commercially available as an
alternative to glass fibers." It talks about Basalt FRP rebar all
through the document and includes it in its various tables, but the key
point is that it is classed as FRP.
Basalt FRP rebar is approved
as natural fiberglass, meeting the certification specifications of ACI
440.6-08 and signed off as fiberglass FRP rebar. In doing so, the job
will simply be overbuilt because the physicals of Basalt rebar are
higher than fiberglass, falling between fiberglass and carbon fiber.
Basalt rebar can be placed to meet code requirements by using the
calculations and installation guidelines for fiberglass reinforcement of
concrete as defined in ACI 440.6-08.
Recommendations for maximum
deflection and shear of concrete elements reinforced with fiber
reinforced polymer (FRP) rebar's are presented in ACI 440.1R-06 (2006)
"Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced
with FRP Bars".
Basalt rebar has been tested at various
universities and approved by the American Concrete Institute under ACI
440-10. Basalt rebar is used according to ACI 440. 1R-06. The
construction use is dictated by code 440.6-08. It is specified by
440.5-08 and tested according to ASTM D7205 and several other testing
methods.
Basalt rebar has been tested by several methods and approved
by ISO 9001.
In the ACI documentation, the term FRP (Fiber
Reinforced Polymer ) includes Basalt based FRP. The term BFRP is often
used instead of saying Basalt Rebar.
As noted in the drawings
signed by the licensed structural engineer, GFRP (fiberglass) rebar can
be used instead of BFRP (basalt) rebar, but I would very much prefer to
use BFRP because of its greater strength.
The conclusion from all
the documentation is that Basalt rebar is FRP rebar and can be treated
and approved as FRP rebar.
Even though theoretically you could submit the rebar to the ICC for certification and it would pass, in practice this is an expensive process and rebar manufacturers all work to ACI (American Concrete Institute) standards and guidance instead. Even Hughes Bros that is the foremost American manufacturer of FRP rebar does not use ICC.
The price of basalt rebar is coming down as the production volumes increase. Currently it is more expensive than Chinese fiberglass rebar but less expensive than American made fiberglass rebar.
8mm is just over 5/16ths, which is about #2.5 rebar size but it is typically called #2.
Specification of 8mm rock rebar is:
Tensile strength (ASTM): 920 MPa (12mm fiberglass is 500 MPa)
Shear strength: 201 MPa (12mm fiberglass is 100 MPa)
Tensile modulus: 57 GPa (12mm fiberglass is 35-45)
Elongation at break: 2.24% (12mm fiberglass is 1.5% - 2.5%)
You can buy and ship 8mm rock rebar in coiled up form. You need to be a bit careful unwinding it from the large doughnut as it will string out but the nice thing about a coil is you can cut off just the length you need so the amount of waste is considerably reduced. It also avoids joins in long runs.
Applicable standards
American Concrete Institute standards
ACI 440.3R-4 "Guide for the test methods for fiber reinforced
polymers for reinforcing or strengthening concrete structures"
ACI 440.1R-06 "Guide for the design and construction of concrete
reinforced with FRP Bars"
ACI 440R-07 "Report on
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures"
ASTM Standards
A 370
"Tensile Tests (Structural or Reinforcing No. 3 through No. 7)"
D 7205 "Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars "
D 570
"Standard Test Method for water absorption of plastics"
D 619 "Standard practice for conditioning plastics for testing"
D 695 "Standard test method for compressive properties of rigid
plastics"
D 790 "Standard test methods for
flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics"
D 792 "Standard test methods for density and specific gravity"
D 2734 "Void content of reinforced plastics"
D 3410 "Standard test method for compressive properties of polymer
matrix composite materials"
Design Manuals
Isis Design Manual No 3: Reinforcing concrete structures with fiber
reinforced polymers
Committees
American Concrete Institute (ACI): 440 – Composites for Concrete
American Concrete Institute (ACI): 400H – Reinforced Concrete (rebar)
American Concrete Institute (ACI): 440I –
Pre-stressed concrete (tendons)
American Society
of civil Engineers (ASCE): Structural Composites and Plastics
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) : ASTM D20.18.01 – FRP
Materials for concrete.
American Society of
Testing and Materials (ASTM) : ASTM D20.18.02 – Pultruded Profiles.
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) : ASTM D30.30.01 –
Composites for Civil
Other
AASHTO Bridge
Subcommittee: T-21 – FRP Composites
Buildings built with Basalt Rebar
Center for Nanoscale Material
This US Department of Energy government owned concrete multistory structure in Illinois is entirely reinforced by Basalt Rebar.
Structural engineering
Rather than lots of rebar, it is better to have the smallest amount of rebar (ie thinnest and widest spacing) so that it can be higher quality rebar. You need to find a structural engineer that does not overdesign but rather properly calculates.
Also need to find a structural engineer that is prepared to use basalt rebar rather than steel.
Rebar placement and thickness will be given by the structural engineer. If corrosion-proof rebar is chosen then the thickness and placement will be different.
Design characteristics
For the same shape and same load, corrosion-proof rebar will deflect, elongate, or compress more than steel. This is the main design difference. It means more corrosion-proof rebar will be needed to form a lintel.
Neither fiberglass rebar or basalt rebar can be bent on site. Bends
and stirrups need to be
manufactured in the factory using a specific mold. According
to CPPI, in the case of fiberglass rebar, 50-60% of
the guaranteed design strength of a straight bar is retained after
making a 90 degree bend.
Ideally it's useful to have a bend in the end of straights. In my case, concrete floors are at the top of all walls, so the bend sections are needed at the top. The rebar also needs to bend down into the footings.
Fiberglass rebar MUST be designed per ACI 440.1R-06, direct substitution from steel to fiberglass or rock rebar is NOT appropriate due to differences in physical / mechanical properties.
The golden rule for splicing (lapping) and that is the lap should be no less than 30 times bar diameter. example #4 = 1/2 inch times 30 = 15 inch lap.
When using basalt rebar the need for spacing between the rod and the surface of the concrete is reduced to only 3/4" as per ACI 440-6.
Basalt rebar supplier
My chosen supplier is Anjie.
Anjie
Tensile strength: 900 Mpa
Tensile modulus: 55 Gpa
Elongation: 2.3 %
Density: 1.9 - 2.1 g/m3
http://www.anjiezj.com/html_products/1-51.html
Sarah is the contact in China postmaster@anjiezj.com "Chenjingbo" <postmaster@anjiezj.com>
In USA, Anjie is being helped with marketing by Ron Anderson at CMI RonA@repcmi.com mikek@repcmi.com
Anjie also do fiberglass rebar http://www.anjiezj.com/html_products/1-60.html
They are near Shanghai.
Raw Energy Materials Corp (REM) & Pulwell
Don Smith don@rawenergytec.com
Bill Flores bill@newrebar.com
1200 S. DIXIE HWY. WEST POMPANO BEACH, FL 33060
Tel: 954.803.9206
Pulwell is the manufacturer in China.
http://www.pulwellpultrusions.com
Zhongshan Pulwell Composites Co; Ltd
No.2 LianDong Rd., Torch High-Tech Industrial Zone, Zhongshan City, Guangdong 528437, China. (Near Hong Kong)
Tel: 0086-760-6133399, 6133395, 6133391 Fax:0086-760-6133398
Stephen Mu sales@pulwellpultrusions.com
Other suppliers
http://www.basalt-rebar.com/ Newport, Rhode Island USA (401) 481 8422 nick@smarter-building-systems.com
http://www.sudaglass.com/rods.html Sudaglass Fiber Technology, Inc. 14714 Perthshire, Suite A Houston, TX 77079 USA Tel: (001) 281.496.5427 Offshoot of Russian company.
http://www.technobasalt.com/products/item/basalt-rebar-1/ Tel: + 38 044 280 93 61 Fax: + 38 044 280 61 64 Email: sales@technobasalt.com 4/6 Suvorova str (office 1103) Kyiv 01010, Ukraine www.technobasalt.com
http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/basalt-rebar.html
"Jane"
yccarbon1@unitel.co.kr
"Richard"
ycglassfiber@unitel.co.kr
Tensile strength (ASTM): 920 MPa
Tensile modulus: 48GPa
Elongation at break: 2.24%
You Chang Carbon Co., Ltd. Tel:+82-2-408-0670
Fax :+82-2-408-0671
A-No.305, Jamsil the sharp star park, 7-14, sincheon-dong,
songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea.
http://www.ycglassfiber.com
Shipping from China
Need to order in 18.5 feet lengths (that will leave 2 inches of clearance in a 20 foot container).